Environmental Conservation and IUCN World Heritage Outlook 2025: Reports, UPSC Notes

Posted inCurrent Affairs, Environment, Reports
Syllabus Link GS III: Conservation related issues, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment. Context: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) released its World Heritage Outlook 4 (2025) report, assessing the conservation prospects of natural World Heritage sites globally. For India, the report serves as a "wake-up call."…

Geopolitics in India’s Neighborhood 2025: Nepal’s Gen Z Protests and Taliban Engagement (UPSC Notes)

Posted inCurrent Affairs, International Relations
Context: The geopolitical landscape of South Asia is currently witnessing a dual churn. On one side, Nepal is grappling with a democratic crisis driven by "Gen Z" protests fueled by economic stagnation and corruption, leading to executive instability. On the other, Afghanistan under the Taliban 2.0 regime is seeing a…

Defence Modernisation in India: Theaterisation, DPM 2025, and Indigenisation

Posted inCurrent Affairs, National Security
Syllabus Link GS III - Internal Security (UPSC): Various Security Forces and agencies and their mandate; Indigenization of technology and developing new technology; Challenges to Internal Security. Context: The year 2025 has been declared the "Year of Reforms" for India's defence sector. The Combined Commanders’ Conference (CCC) 2025 held in…

Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025: Decoding for UPSC Mains

Posted inCurrent Affairs, Featured, National Security
GS II (Polity & Governance): privacy as fundamental right (Puttaswamy Judgement), RTI interface, administrative adjudication (Data Protection Board), rule-making and executive power. GS III (Internal security / S&T / Economy): data governance, cyber-security obligations, impact on digital economy & AI/data-driven industry. Ethics & Essay: rights vs. state/market tradeoffs; accountability, transparency,…

RBI’s Draft ECB Framework 2025: Key Reforms, Liberalization Measures | External Commercial Borrowings

Posted inCurrent Affairs, Economy
Syllabus Topic: GS3 - Economy The ECB framework has been in the news recently due to significant, proposed rationalization and liberalization measures announced by the RBI, primarily based on the Draft ECB framework released in October 2025, building on the foundation of a strengthening external sector. External Commercial Borrowings: Basics…