A
Abanindranath Tagore

Definition: Pioneer of Bengal School of Art.Prelims facts: Painted 'Bharat Mata'; promoted Indian nationalist art.

Learn More →
Abhinav Bharat

Definition: Secret revolutionary society in Maharashtra.Founded: 1904Key facts: Linked to V.D. Savarkar.

Learn More →
Absolute Humidity

Definition: Actual amount of water vapour present in air per unit volume.Unit: g/m³.PYQ: 2016

Learn More →
Accretionary Wedge

Definition: Accumulated sediments at a subduction trench.UPSC Pointers: Formed due to scraping of sediments; Seen...

Learn More →
Adhyaksha

Definition: High-ranking superintendents responsible for specific administrative departments such as agriculture, mining, or metallurgy.

Learn More →
Afar Depression

Definition: A triple junction region in East Africa. Prelims Pointers: Nubian, Somali, and Arabian plates meet;...

Learn More →
Aitchison Committee

Committee set up in 1886 to examine reforms in public services.UPSC Pointers: Related to Indianization...

Learn More →
Ajit Singh

Definition: Nationalist revolutionary.Prelims facts: Uncle of Bhagat Singh; involved in Pagri Sambhal Jatta movement.

Learn More →
Akali Movement

Definition: Sikh reform movement.Prelims facts: Sought control of Gurdwaras from Mahants.

Learn More →
Albedo

Definition: Measure of reflectivity of a surface.Key Fact: Ice has high albedo.UPSC Trap: Lower albedo...

Learn More →
Alfonso de Albuquerque

Definition: Portuguese governor who expanded territorial control.• Time Period: 1509–1515• UPSC Prelims Pointers: Captured Goa...

Learn More →
Aligarh Movement

Educational reform movement started by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan to modernize Muslims.UPSC: MAO College →...

Learn More →
Alipore Bomb Case

Definition: Major revolutionary conspiracy trial against Indian nationalists in Bengal.Year: 1908–1909Key facts (Prelims): Linked to...

Learn More →
Alluri Sitarama Raju

Definition: Tribal revolutionary leader.Prelims facts: Led Rampa Rebellion; used guerrilla warfare against British.

Learn More →
Alps

Definition: Young fold mountains in Europe.Related Wind: Foehn.PYQ: 2019

Learn More →
AmazonFACE

Definition: CO₂ enrichment experiment in Amazon forests.UPSC Traps: FACE experiments study plant response, not deforestation.Current...

Learn More →
Ambition on Melting Ice

Definition: A UN-backed initiative to reduce cryosphere melting.UPSC Angle: Climate diplomacy and polar studies.

Learn More →
Ammonium Nitrate

Definition: Hygroscopic chemical used in cloud seeding.PYQ: 2019

Learn More →
Amphibole

Definition: Double-chain silicate minerals.UPSC Trap: Distinguish from pyroxene.

Learn More →
Amrita Bazar Patrika

Nationalist newspaper founded by Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh.UPSC Pointers: Played key role during...

Learn More →
Andes

Definition: Longest continental mountain range along western South America.Prelims Pointers: Countries—Chile, Peru; Minerals—copper, lithium; River—Amazon...

Learn More →
Anekantavada

Definition: A core Jain philosophical doctrine meaning 'many-sidedness of reality,' asserting that truth is complex...

Learn More →
Angel Tax

Definition: A provision under income tax law that taxes capital raised by unlisted companies when...

Learn More →
Annie Besant

Theosophist and nationalist leader.UPSC: Home Rule Movement; Theosophical Society.

Learn More →
Anuloma

Definition: A form of marriage discussed in texts like the Chandogya Upanishad, where a man...

Learn More →
Anushilan Samiti

Definition: Revolutionary organization in Bengal promoting physical culture and armed resistance.Founded: Early 1900sKey facts: Associated...

Learn More →
Anuvrata

Definition: The 'small vows' prescribed for Jain householders, promoting ethical conduct without complete renunciation.• UPSC...

Learn More →
Aphelion

Definition: Point in a planet’s orbit farthest from the Sun.• UPSC Pointers: Earth at aphelion...

Learn More →
Appalachians

Definition: Old fold mountain range in eastern North America.Prelims Pointers: Rich in coal; Cultural linkage—Appalachian...

Learn More →
Arctic

Definition: Polar region around the North Pole.UPSC Traps: Arctic is an ocean surrounded by continents.Current...

Learn More →
Arcuate Delta

Definition: Fan-shaped delta with a curved seaward margin.Prelims Pointers: Example: Nile Delta.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2014Current...

Learn More →
Argon

Definition: Noble gas in atmosphere.UPSC Traps: Third most abundant gas.Current Affairs: Industrial and scientific uses.

Learn More →
Article 324

Article 324 deals with the Election Commission. It vests the power of superintendence, direction, and...

Learn More →
Aruvippuram Movement

Anti-caste movement led by Sri Narayana Guru in Kerala.UPSC Pointers: Temple entry, social equality.

Learn More →
Aryan

Definition: In the historical context of the Vedic age, this term denotes a linguistic or...

Learn More →
Ashfaqulla Khan

Definition: Revolutionary freedom fighter.Prelims facts: Close associate of Ram Prasad Bismil; involved in Kakori Robbery;...

Learn More →
Asthenosphere

Definition: Semi-molten, ductile layer beneath the lithosphere.• UPSC Pointers: Enables plate tectonics; lies in upper...

Learn More →
Atacama Desert

Definition: World's driest desert in Chile.Reason: Cold Humboldt Current & rain shadow.PYQ: 2016

Learn More →
Atmaram Pandurang

Founder of Prarthana Samaj.UPSC: Maharashtra reformer.

Learn More →
Atmasakti

Definition: Idea of self-reliance and constructive work stressed during the Swadeshi phase.Key facts: Focus on...

Learn More →
Atmiya Sabha

Founded in 1815 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in Calcutta. A reformist discussion group aimed...

Learn More →
August Offer

British proposal of 1940 to secure Indian cooperation in WWII.Promised expansion of Executive Council.Recognized right...

Learn More →
August Revolution

Definition: Another name for Quit India Movement.Year: 1942Prelims facts: Launched after failure of Cripps Mission;...

Learn More →
Aurobindo Ghosh

Definition: Nationalist leader turned spiritual philosopher.Prelims facts: Linked to Alipore Bomb Case; later founded Sri...

Learn More →
Aurora Borealis

Definition: Northern lights due to solar wind.UPSC Traps: Occurs near magnetic poles.Current Affairs: Increased during...

Learn More →
Axial Seamount

Definition: An active submarine volcano on the Juan de Fuca Ridge.UPSC Pointers: One of the...

Learn More →
Ayas

Definition: The general Vedic term for metal. The Rigvedic Aryans knew gold and copper/bronze (often...

Learn More →
Azad Hind Government

Definition: Provisional Government of Free India.Founded: 1943Prelims facts: Headed by Subhas Chandra Bose; supported by...

Learn More →
Azamgarh Proclamation

Definition: Proclamation issued during 1857 revolt calling for unity against British rule.Issued by: Firoz Shah.Key...

Learn More →
B
Badruddin Tyabji

First Muslim President of Indian National Congress.UPSC Pointers: President in 1887; symbol of Hindu–Muslim unity.

Learn More →
Baisakhi

Definition: Harvest festival of Punjab.Prelims facts: Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred on Baisakhi day (13 April...

Learn More →
Bali

Definition: A religious or voluntary tax paid by subjects to the state or king; Ashoka...

Learn More →
Balisadhaka

Special officers appointed by the King to collect compulsory taxes (formerly voluntary Bali) from peasants,...

Learn More →
Banawali

A site located on the Saraswati river in Haryana. Prelims Pointer: While Kalibangan has the field,...

Learn More →
Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha

Early political organization formed in 1836 by associates of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.UPSC Pointers: Promoted...

Learn More →
Bank Rate

Definition: The rate at which the RBI re-discounts bills of exchange and extends long-term credit...

Learn More →
Barchan

Definition: Crescent-shaped sand dunes.Prelims Pointers: Formed under unidirectional winds.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2013Current Affairs: Thar desert...

Learn More →
Bardoli Satyagraha

Definition: No-tax agrarian movement.Year: 1928Prelims facts: Led by Vallabhbhai Patel.

Learn More →
Barren Island

Definition: India’s only active volcano.Prelims Pointers: Andaman Sea; No tribes inhabiting.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2021Current Affairs:...

Learn More →
Base Effect

Definition: Base effect refers to the influence of last year’s price level on the current...

Learn More →
Basel III Norms

Definition: International banking regulations designed to strengthen bank capital and liquidity buffers.Key Points for Prelims:•...

Learn More →
Batholiths

Definition: Massive intrusive igneous rock body formed deep underground. Prelims Pointers: Mostly granite; Forms mountain cores. PYQ:...

Learn More →
Batta

Definition: Extra allowance paid to soldiers during war.• Time Period: Company rule• UPSC Prelims Pointers:...

Learn More →
Battle of Bedara

Definition: Battle between Mysore and British forces.• Time Period: 1759• UPSC Prelims Pointers: Haider Ali...

Learn More →
Battle of Buxar

Definition: Decisive battle establishing British rule in Bengal.• Time Period: 1764• UPSC Prelims Pointers: Fought...

Learn More →
Battle of Plassey

Definition: Battle establishing British dominance.• Time Period: 1757• UPSC Prelims Pointers: Robert Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah.

Learn More →
Bauxite

Definition: Chief ore of aluminium.Key Facts: Lateritic origin; India—Odisha, Jharkhand.PYQ Year: 2020.

Learn More →
Belagavi Session

Definition: Indian National Congress session.Year: 1924Prelims facts: Presided over by Mahatma Gandhi; held at Belgaum.

Learn More →
Bengal Famine

Severe famine caused by revenue pressure and administrative failures.UPSC Traps: Occurred in 1770; led to...

Learn More →
Benioff Zone

Definition: A zone of inclined seismic activity corresponding to a subducting plate.UPSC Pointers: Depth up...

Learn More →
Bethune School

Founded in 1849 for women’s education in Calcutta.UPSC Pointers: First girls’ school in India.

Learn More →
Bhaga

Definition: The king’s share of agricultural produce, generally fixed at one-sixth of the total yield;...

Learn More →
Bhagat Singh

Definition: Revolutionary socialist freedom fighter.Prelims facts: Associated with HSRA; executed in 1931.

Learn More →
Bhagirathi River

Definition: Headstream of Ganga.Prelims Pointers: Origin—Gangotri Glacier.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2016Current Affairs: Ganga rejuvenation.

Learn More →
Bharatmala Pariyojana

Definition: A highway development programme focusing on economic corridors and border roads.Key Prelims Traps:Focus on...

Learn More →
BharatNet

Definition: A flagship programme to provide broadband connectivity to all Gram Panchayats.Key Prelims Traps:Implemented by...

Learn More →
BHASKAR

Definition: (Bharat Startup Knowledge Access Registry) - A centralized digital registry connecting startups, investors, mentors,...

Learn More →
Bhil Uprisings

Definition: Tribal revolts by Bhils against British rule and local oppression.Time period: 1817–19, later phases...

Learn More →
Bhumisparsha Mudra

Definition: A symbolic hand gesture depicting the Buddha touching the earth to bear witness to...

Learn More →
Bicameralism

Definition: Legislature with two houses.Prelims facts: Introduced at the Centre by Government of India Act,...

Learn More →
Big Bang Theory

Definition: Theory explaining origin of universe from a hot, dense state.• UPSC Pointers: Proposed by...

Learn More →
BioE3 Policy

Definition: Biotechnology policy for economy, environment and employment.Key Pointers:• Emphasises biofoundries.• Linked to net-zero goals.•...

Learn More →
Biofortification

Definition: Biofortification is the process of enhancing the nutritional content of crops during their growth...

Learn More →
Bipin Chandra Pal

Definition: Nationalist leader and extremist thinker.Prelims facts: Member of Lal-Bal-Pal; advocated passive resistance.

Learn More →
Bird’s Foot Delta

Definition: Delta with finger-like distributaries.Prelims Pointers: Example: Mississippi Delta.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2013Current Affairs: Sediment starvation...

Learn More →
Black Hole Tragedy

Definition: Incident involving imprisonment of British prisoners.• Time Period: 1756• UPSC Prelims Pointers: Occurred at...

Learn More →
Blizzards

Definition: Severe snowstorm with strong winds and low visibility.Region: Polar & temperate regions.PYQ: 2021

Learn More →
Blood Rain

Definition: Rain colored red due to dust or algae.India Case: Kerala (2001).PYQ: 2018

Learn More →
Blue Water Policy

Definition: A Portuguese naval strategy emphasizing control of open seas rather than land territories.• Time...

Learn More →
Bodhisattva

Definition: In Mahayana Buddhism, a being who postpones personal liberation (Nirvana) in order to help...

Learn More →
Borra Caves

Definition: Limestone caves in Andhra Pradesh.Prelims Pointers: Eastern Ghats; Tribal folklore.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2018Current Affairs:...

Learn More →
BOT Model

Definition: Build-Operate-Transfer model where private entity builds and operates asset for concession period.Key Prelims Traps:Ownership...

Learn More →
Brahmavadini

Definition: Learned women in the Vedic period who had access to education and composed hymns...

Learn More →
British East India Company

Definition: A British trading company established in 1600 that gradually transformed into a territorial power...

Learn More →
Bronze Dancing Girl

- A masterpiece of Harappan art found at Mohenjodaro. Prelims Pointer: It was made using the...

Learn More →
C
C. Rajagopalachari

Definition: Congress leader and statesman.Prelims facts: Also called Rajaji; last Governor-General of India.

Learn More →
C.R. Das

Definition: Nationalist leader from Bengal.Prelims facts: Founder of Swaraj Party; advocated council entry.

Learn More →
Cabinet Mission

Definition: British plan for transfer of power.Year: 1946Prelims facts: Proposed three-tier federal structure.

Learn More →
Cabinet Mission Plan

Plan proposed in 1946 by British Cabinet Mission to transfer power to Indians while keeping...

Learn More →
Calcium Carbide

A colorless crystalline solid Used: Industrial Fuel, Steel Manufacturing, Artificial Ripening The FSSAI has strictly banned its use...

Learn More →
Calcium Oxide

Definition: Quicklime; hygroscopic agent.PYQ: 2019

Learn More →
Calcutta Session

Definition: Indian National Congress session endorsing Swadeshi.Year: 1906Prelims facts: Presided by Dadabhai Naoroji; goal of...

Learn More →
Calderas

Definition: Large volcanic depressions formed after collapse following massive eruptions.Prelims Pointers: Found in volcanic belts;...

Learn More →
Canyon

Definition: Deep, narrow valley with steep sides carved by river erosion.Prelims Pointers: Formed in arid/semi-arid...

Learn More →
Capital Formation

Definition: Capital formation refers to the creation of physical assets such as machinery, tools, and...

Learn More →
Carbonic Acid

Definition: Weak acid formed by CO₂ and water.Prelims Pointers: Key agent of chemical weathering.PYQ: UPSC...

Learn More →
Carlsberg Ridge

Definition: A mid-ocean ridge in the Indian Ocean.UPSC Pointers: Part of Central Indian Ridge system;...

Learn More →
Carlyle Circular

Definition: Government circular threatening withdrawal of grants from schools involved in nationalist politics.Year: 1905Key facts:...

Learn More →
Cartaze

Definition: A naval permit system introduced by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean to control...

Learn More →
Cash Reserve Ratio

Definition: The percentage of Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL) that banks must maintain as...

Learn More →
Caves

Definition: Natural underground hollows.Prelims Pointers: Karst regions.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2018Current Affairs: Cave conservation.

Learn More →
Central Bank Digital Currency

Definition: A digital form of sovereign currency issued by the RBI and recognized as legal...

Learn More →
CHACE-2

Definition: Mass spectrometer on Chandrayaan-2 orbiter.UPSC Traps: Studies lunar exosphere, not surface.Current Affairs: Data referenced...

Learn More →
Chaitya

Definition: A Buddhist prayer hall or shrine, typically housing a stupa and used for congregational...

Learn More →
Chambal River

Definition: Tributary of Yamuna.Prelims Pointers: Ravines and badlands.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2019Current Affairs: River rejuvenation.

Learn More →
Champaran Satyagraha

First Civil Disobedience: This was Gandhi’s first experiment with Satyagraha in India, invited by Rajkumar...

Learn More →
Chandrashekhar Azad

Definition: Revolutionary leader.Prelims facts: Associated with HRA/HSRA; died in Alfred Park (1931).

Learn More →
Chanhudaro

An industrial center located on the Indus River in Pakistan. Prelims Pointer: This is the only...

Learn More →
Charter Act 1813

Act that ended Company monopoly except tea and China trade.UPSC Traps: Promoted missionary activities; education...

Learn More →
Charter Act 1833

Act that centralized legislative power.UPSC Traps: Governor-General of Bengal became Governor-General of India.

Learn More →
Charter Act 1853

Act that ended Company’s trade monopoly and reformed administration.UPSC Traps: Introduced open competition for civil...

Learn More →
Chauri Chaura

Definition: Violent incident during Non-Cooperation Movement.Year: 1922Prelims facts: Led to withdrawal of NCM.

Learn More →
Chauth

Definition: One-fourth tax collected by Marathas from neighboring regions.• Time Period: 17th–18th century• UPSC Prelims...

Learn More →
Cherrapunji

Definition: Second wettest place globally.PYQ: 2016

Learn More →
Chicago Parliament of Religions

Interfaith meet where Vivekananda spoke.UPSC: 1893, USA.

Learn More →
Chilika Lake

Definition: Largest brackish water lagoon in India.Prelims Pointers: Odisha; Ramsar site.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2020Current Affairs:...

Learn More →
Chinook

Definition: Warm dry wind on leeward side of Rockies.Effect: Rapid snowmelt.PYQ: 2016

Learn More →
Chittagong Armoury Raid

Definition: Armed raid on British armouries.Year: 1930Prelims facts: Led by Surya Sen.

Learn More →
Circular Flow of Income

Definition: The circular flow of income model shows how income and expenditure move between households...

Learn More →
Cirque

Definition: Bowl-shaped hollow at head of glacial valley.Prelims Pointers: Birthplace of glaciers.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2014Current...

Learn More →
Closed Economy

Definition: A closed economy is one that does not engage in international trade or financial...

Learn More →
Cloud Seeding

Definition: Artificial rain stimulation technique.PYQ: 2019

Learn More →
Cloudburst

Definition: Extreme rainfall (>100 mm/hr).PYQ: 2021

Learn More →
Coal

Definition: Fossil fuel formed from plant remains.Key Facts: Gondwana coalfields—Damodar valley.PYQ Year: 2017.

Learn More →
Columnar Basalt

Definition: Basaltic lava flows forming hexagonal columns.Key Facts: Rapid cooling; seen in Deccan Traps.PYQ Year:...

Learn More →
Composite Volcanoes

Definition: Steep-sided volcanoes built from alternating lava and ash layers.Prelims Pointers: Also called stratovolcanoes.PYQ: UPSC...

Learn More →
Composition Scheme

Definition: A simplified GST scheme for small taxpayers allowing tax payment at a lower fixed...

Learn More →
Consolidated Fund of India

Definition: The primary fund of the Government of India under Article 266 into which all...

Learn More →
Constellation

Definition: A group of stars forming a recognizable pattern in the sky.• UPSC Pointers: 88...

Learn More →
Constituent Assembly

Definition: A representative body formed to draft the Constitution of independent India.Key Prelims Pointers:• First...

Learn More →
Continental Crust

Definition: Thick crust forming continents.• UPSC Pointers: Granitic; average thickness ~35 km.

Learn More →
Convectional Rainfall

Definition: Rainfall due to intense surface heating.PYQ: 2013

Learn More →
Convergent Plate Boundary

Definition: Boundary where two tectonic plates move towards each other.Prelims Pointers: Causes mountains, trenches, volcanoes;...

Learn More →
Cooperative Federalism

Definition: A governance approach where Centre and States work as equal partners in development.Key Points...

Learn More →
Coral

Definition: Marine organisms forming reefs.Prelims Pointers: Coral bleaching.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2017Current Affairs: Global bleaching events.

Learn More →
Explore 11 More Terms
D
D.E. Wacha

Moderate nationalist and economist.UPSC Pointers: Close associate of Dadabhai Naoroji; economic critique of British rule.

Learn More →
Dacite

Definition: Intermediate volcanic rock.Key Facts: High silica; explosive volcanism.

Learn More →
Dadabhai Naoroji

Early nationalist leader and economic thinker.UPSC Traps: Drain of Wealth theory; book ‘Poverty and Un-British...

Learn More →
Damin-i-koh

Definition: Land area demarcated by the British in 1832 for Santhal settlement.Region: Rajmahal Hills (present...

Learn More →
Damodar

Definition: A river flowing through Jharkhand and West Bengal.Key Facts: Known as the ‘Sorrow of...

Learn More →
Damodar Basin

Definition: Major coal-bearing basin.Key Facts: Jharia, Bokaro coalfields.

Learn More →
Dar-ul-Harb

Islamic concept meaning ‘Land of War’ or non-Islamic territory.UPSC Pointers: Used in medieval Islamic jurisprudence.

Learn More →
Dar-ul-Islam

Territory under Islamic rule where Sharia prevails.UPSC Pointers: Counterpart of Dar-ul-Harb.

Learn More →
Daroga

Local police officer under British administration.UPSC Traps: Associated with police corruption before reforms.

Learn More →
Dastak

Definition: Duty-free trade permit granted to the English East India Company by Mughal authorities.• Time...

Learn More →
Day Zero

Definition: Day when usable water supply runs out.PYQ: 2018

Learn More →
De-industrialization

Decline of traditional Indian industries under colonial rule.UPSC Traps: Linked to British tariff policies; decline...

Learn More →
Deccan Plateau

Definition: Lava plateau formed by Deccan Trap volcanism.Prelims Pointers: India; Minerals—iron ore, manganese; Rivers—Godavari, Krishna.PYQ:...

Learn More →
Deccan Traps

Definition: Large igneous province formed by fissure volcanic eruptions. Prelims Pointers: Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary; Basaltic lava; Linked...

Learn More →
Dedicated Freight Corridor

Definition: A high-capacity railway corridor exclusively for freight trains to reduce logistics cost and decongest...

Learn More →
Degassing

Definition: Release of gases from Earth's interior during volcanic activity.• UPSC Pointers: Led to formation...

Learn More →
Delamination

Definition: Process in which dense lower crust or lithosphere peels away and sinks into mantle.Prelims...

Learn More →
Denali Fault

Definition: A major strike-slip fault in Alaska.UPSC Pointers: Caused 2002 Alaska earthquake; Analogous to San...

Learn More →
Denudation

Definition: Overall lowering of land surface by weathering, erosion, and mass wasting.Prelims Pointers: Includes weathering...

Learn More →
Deoband Movement

Islamic revivalist movement started in 1866 at Deoband.UPSC Pointers: Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband; anti-British stance.

Learn More →
Depreciation

Definition: The decline in value of fixed capital assets due to wear and tear or...

Learn More →
Dew

Definition: Condensation of water vapour on cool surfaces.Condition: Above freezing point.PYQ: 2012

Learn More →
Dhamma Mahamattas

Definition: Special officers appointed by Ashoka in his 14th regnal year to propagate Dhamma and...

Learn More →
Dharma

Definition: In the Vedic context, this denoted the obligation and discharge of one’s duties toward...

Learn More →
Dharma Sabha

Orthodox Hindu body formed by Radhakanta Deb to oppose Brahmo Samaj reforms.UPSC Pointers: Defended traditional...

Learn More →
Dholavira

A major IVC city located in the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat. Prelims Pointer: Unlike most...

Learn More →
Diastrophism

Definition: All processes that cause movement, deformation, uplift or building of the Earth’s crust.Prelims Pointers:...

Learn More →
Differentiation

Definition: Process by which Earth separated into layers (core, mantle, crust) due to density differences.•...

Learn More →
DigiLocker

A flagship initiative of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) providing a secure...

Learn More →
Digital Arrest

A sophisticated cyber scam where fraudsters impersonate law enforcement or government officials via fake video...

Learn More →
Digital India

Definition: An umbrella programme to transform India into a digitally empowered society.Key Prelims Traps:Launched in...

Learn More →
Dikus

Definition: Term used by tribals for outsiders such as moneylenders, traders, landlords, missionaries and British...

Learn More →
Disinflation

Definition: Disinflation is a slowdown in the rate of inflation, meaning prices rise but at...

Learn More →
District Mineral Foundation

Definition: Trust for welfare of mining-affected areas.Key Facts: Under MMDR Act 2015.PYQ Year: 2018.

Learn More →
Divergent Plate Boundary

Definition: Boundary where tectonic plates move away from each other.Prelims Pointers: Sea-floor spreading; Mid-ocean ridges.PYQ:...

Learn More →
Diwani

Definition: The right to collect land revenue and civil taxes, granted to the British East...

Learn More →
Do or Die

Definition: Slogan of Quit India Movement.Year: 1942Prelims facts: Given by Mahatma Gandhi at Bombay AICC...

Learn More →
Doctrine of Lapse

Definition: Policy of annexation used by the British where states without a natural male heir...

Learn More →
Doldrums

Definition: Calm low-pressure zone near Equator with weak winds.Linked Concept: ITCZ.PYQ: 2014

Learn More →
Dolomite

Definition: Sedimentary rock composed of calcium magnesium carbonate.Prelims Pointers: Used in steel industry.PYQ: UPSC Prelims...

Learn More →
Domestic Systemically Important Banks

Definition: Banks classified as ‘Too Big To Fail’ whose failure could severely impact the financial...

Learn More →
Dominion Status

Definition: Self-governing status within British Commonwealth.Prelims facts: Demand raised in Nehru Report (1928); Congress goal...

Learn More →
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Chairman of Drafting Committee and chief architect of Constitution.Law Minister of India.Expert on social justice.Advocate...

Learn More →
Dr. Rajendra Prasad

President of Constituent Assembly and first President of India.Headed Steering Committee.Elected unopposed as President.Key consensus...

Learn More →
Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha

First temporary Chairman of Constituent Assembly.Presided over first meeting.Senior Congress leader.Later Governor of Bihar.

Learn More →
Drafting Committee

Committee of Constituent Assembly responsible for preparing the draft Constitution.Chairman was Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.Formed in...

Learn More →
Drumlins

Definition: Streamlined hills formed by glacial deposition.Prelims Pointers: Indicate ice movement direction.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2018Current...

Learn More →
Dyarchy

Definition: A system of dual governance introduced by the Government of India Act, 1919 (Montagu–Chelmsford...

Learn More →
E
e-NAM

Definition: e-NAM (National Agriculture Market) is a pan-India electronic trading platform integrating APMC mandis to...

Learn More →
E-Way Bill

Definition: An electronic document required for movement of goods under GST.Key Points for Prelims:• Mandatory...

Learn More →
E.V. Ramasamy (Periyar)

Definition: Social reformer and rationalist from South India.Prelims facts: Founder of Self-Respect Movement; opposed caste...

Learn More →
Earthquake Design Code (BIS)

Definition: Standards issued by BIS (IS 1893, IS 4326, IS 13920) to ensure earthquake-resistant construction.Prelims...

Learn More →
East African Rift Valley

Definition: A continental rift system where the African Plate is splitting.UPSC Pointers: Example of continental...

Learn More →
East India Association

Founded in 1866 in London by Dadabhai Naoroji to highlight Indian grievances.UPSC Pointers: First Indian...

Learn More →
Easterlies

Definition: Winds blowing from east to west.Types: Polar easterlies.PYQ: 2018

Learn More →
Economic Drain Theory

Theory propounded by Dadabhai Naoroji explaining how British rule drained India’s wealth.UPSC Pointers: Explained in...

Learn More →
Effective Revenue Deficit

Definition: Introduced in Budget 2011–12, ERD excludes grants given for creation of capital assets from...

Learn More →
Endogenic Forces

Definition: Internal forces originating within the Earth that cause crustal movements.Prelims Pointers: Includes diastrophism and...

Learn More →
Enfield Rifle

Definition: British rifle whose cartridges were rumored to be greased with cow and pig fat.Time...

Learn More →
Enstatite

Definition: A magnesium-rich pyroxene mineral.Key Facts: Formula MgSiO3; found in peridotite.PYQ Angle: Mineral composition questions.

Learn More →
EPC Model

Definition: Engineering, Procurement, and Construction model where government bears full project risk.Key Prelims Traps:No private...

Learn More →
Epeirogeny

Definition: Vertical movements causing uplift or subsidence of large continental areas.Prelims Pointers: Produces plateaus and...

Learn More →
Epicenter

Definition: Point on Earth’s surface directly above earthquake focus.Prelims Pointers: Maximum damage near epicenter.PYQ: UPSC...

Learn More →
Epicentre

Definition: The point on Earth’s surface directly above the earthquake’s focus.• UPSC Pointers: Maximum damage...

Learn More →
Equalisation Levy

Definition: A direct tax on specified digital services provided by non-resident companies.Key Points for Prelims:•...

Learn More →
Equator

Definition: Imaginary line at 0° latitude dividing Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres.Key Facts: No...

Learn More →
Erra Matti Dibbalu

Definition: Red sand dunes located near Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.Prelims Pointers: Geological heritage site; Formed due...

Learn More →
Eskers

Definition: Long, winding ridges of sand and gravel.Prelims Pointers: Deposited by subglacial streams.PYQ: UPSC Prelims...

Learn More →
European Space Agency

Definition: ESA is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to space exploration, established in 1975.Members: 22 European...

Learn More →
Exfoliation

Definition: Mechanical weathering process where rock layers peel off like onion skins.Prelims Pointers: Common in...

Learn More →
Exogenic Forces

Definition: External forces shaping Earth’s surface.Prelims Pointers: Weathering, erosion, deposition.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2014Current Affairs: Intensified...

Learn More →
F
Factory

Definition: Trading post established by European companies in India.• Time Period: 17th–18th century• UPSC Prelims...

Learn More →
Fair and Remunerative Price

Definition: Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) is the minimum statutory price that sugar mills must...

Learn More →
Farman

Definition: A royal edict issued by the Mughal Emperor.• Time Period: Mughal period• UPSC Prelims...

Learn More →
Fault

Definition: Fracture in Earth’s crust with displacement.Prelims Pointers: Normal, reverse, strike-slip faults.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2016Current...

Learn More →
Fertigation

Definition: Fertigation is the application of fertilizers through an irrigation system, most commonly drip irrigation.Key...

Learn More →
Financial Inclusion Index

Definition: RBI composite index measuring financial inclusion. Key Pointers: • No base year. • Usage has highest weight. •...

Learn More →
First Anglo-Mysore War

Definition: War between Mysore and British.• Time Period: 1767–1769• UPSC Prelims Pointers: Treaty of Madras.

Learn More →
First Anglo-Sikh War

Definition: War between British and Sikhs.• Time Period: 1845–1846• UPSC Prelims Pointers: British victory; Treaty...

Learn More →
First Carnatic War

Definition: Conflict between English and French in India.• Time Period: 1746–1748• UPSC Prelims Pointers: Linked...

Learn More →
Fiscal Deficit

Definition: The gap between the government’s total expenditure and its total receipts excluding borrowings. It...

Learn More →
Fiscal Drag

Definition: A situation where inflation and income growth push taxpayers into higher tax brackets, increasing...

Learn More →
Flash Floods

Definition: Sudden floods due to intense rainfall.PYQ: 2021

Learn More →
Foehn

Definition: Warm, dry downslope wind on the leeward side of the Alps.Key Facts: Caused by...

Learn More →
Fog

Definition: Dense cloud near ground reducing visibility below 1 km.PYQ: 2018

Learn More →
Fold Mountains

Definition: Mountains formed due to folding of crust under compression.Prelims Pointers: Rich in minerals; Rivers—Indus,...

Learn More →
Foliation

Definition: Layered structure in metamorphic rocks.Key Facts: Seen in gneiss and schist.

Learn More →
Forsterite

Definition: Magnesium-rich end member of olivine.Key Facts: Formula Mg2SiO4.UPSC Note: Olivine group mineral.

Learn More →
Fort St. George

Definition: First English fort in India.• Time Period: 1644• UPSC Prelims Pointers: Located in Madras...

Learn More →
Fort William

Definition: British fort in Calcutta.• Time Period: 1696• UPSC Prelims Pointers: Associated with Black Hole...

Learn More →
Fort William College

Institution established for training civil servants.UPSC Traps: Founded in 1800 at Calcutta; promoted oriental studies.

Learn More →
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War

Definition: Final defeat of Tipu Sultan.• Time Period: 1799• UPSC Prelims Pointers: Tipu Sultan died.

Learn More →
Francisco de Almeida

Definition: First Portuguese Governor in India.• Time Period: 1505–1509• UPSC Prelims Pointers: Advocate of Blue...

Learn More →
Frontal Rainfall

Definition: Rainfall caused by meeting of warm & cold air masses.PYQ: 2014

Learn More →
Frost

Definition: Deposition of ice crystals when temperature falls below 0°C.Impact: Damages crops.PYQ: 2014

Learn More →
Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee

Sub-committee that framed fundamental rights provisions.Chaired by J.B. Kripalani.Included B.R. Ambedkar.Borrowed from global constitutions.

Learn More →
G
G.K. Gokhale

Political Mentor: Regarded as the political guru of Mahatma Gandhi; he advised Gandhi to travel...

Learn More →
Gabbro

Definition: Coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock.Key Facts: Plutonic equivalent of basalt.Prelims Trap: Compare with basalt.

Learn More →
Gahapati

A wealthy householder or landowner who controlled land and resources. They often employed slaves (dasa)...

Learn More →
Gandhi-Irwin Pact

Definition: Agreement between Congress and British Government.Year: 1931Prelims facts: Ended Civil Disobedience temporarily; allowed Congress...

Learn More →
Gangotri

Definition: Glacier from which Bhagirathi originates.Prelims Pointers: Uttarakhand; Source of Ganga.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2016Current Affairs:...

Learn More →
GDP

Definition: Gross Domestic Production - The total market value of all final goods and services...

Learn More →
GDP Deflator

Definition: An index measuring the average price level of all goods and services included in...

Learn More →
General Anti-Avoidance Rules

Definition: Rules empowering tax authorities to deny tax benefits from arrangements made solely for tax...

Learn More →
General Reginald Dyer

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: ordered troops to fire on a peaceful, unarmed crowd gathered at Jallianwala...

Learn More →
Geoid

Definition: An equipotential surface representing mean sea level extended under continents.• UPSC Pointers: Irregular shape;...

Learn More →
Geomagnetic Reversal

Definition: Reversal of Earth’s magnetic north and south poles.UPSC Pointers: Occurs irregularly; Last reversal ~780,000...

Learn More →
Ghadar Party

Definition: Revolutionary organization formed by Indian immigrants in the USA.Founded: 1913, San FranciscoKey facts: Aimed...

Learn More →
Gini Coefficient vs Palma Ratio

Definition: Measures of income inequality.Key Pointers:• India uses consumption-based Gini.• Palma focuses on extremes.• Wealth...

Learn More →
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

Definition: Sudden release of water from glacial lakes.PYQ: 2020

Learn More →
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

Definition: Sudden release of water from a glacial lake due to dam failure.Prelims Pointers: Common...

Learn More →
Global Capability Centers

Definition: Offshore units established by MNCs to manage critical business functions such as IT, R&D,...

Learn More →
Gneiss

Definition: High-grade metamorphic rock.Key Facts: Shows foliation.

Learn More →
Go Back to the Vedas

Slogan of Arya Samaj.UPSC: Vedic purity.

Learn More →
Golconda

Definition: Historic diamond mining region.Key Facts: Koh-i-Noor originated here.

Learn More →
Goldilocks Economy

Definition: An economic condition where growth is steady and optimal, inflation is low, and monetary...

Learn More →
Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Leading Moderate nationalist and social reformer.UPSC Pointers: Founder of Servants of India Society; political mentor...

Learn More →
Gorge

Definition: Deep, narrow valley with steep sides formed by river erosion.Prelims Pointers: Youthful stage of...

Learn More →
GOSAT-GW

Definition: Japanese satellite for greenhouse gas and water cycle.UPSC Traps: Not an ISRO mission.Current Affairs:...

Learn More →
Government of India Act, 1858

Definition: Act that ended the rule of the East India Company and transferred administration of...

Learn More →
Graben

Definition: Down-dropped block between faults.Prelims Pointers: Example—Rhine Valley.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2016Current Affairs: East African Rift...

Learn More →
Gramabhojaka

The village headman in the northern part of the subcontinent. The post was often hereditary;...

Learn More →
Granite

Definition: Coarse-grained acidic igneous rock.Key Facts: Rich in quartz & feldspar.UPSC Trap: Plutonic rock.

Learn More →
Great Calcutta Killing

Definition: Communal riots following Direct Action Day.Year: 1946Prelims facts: Marked escalation towards Partition.

Learn More →
Greedflation

Definition: Greedflation occurs when firms raise prices beyond cost increases to expand profit margins during...

Learn More →
Green GDP

Definition: GDP adjusted for environmental degradation and depletion of natural resources.Key Pointers:• Accounts for environmental...

Learn More →
Greenhouse Effect

Definition: Warming due to trapped infrared radiation.UPSC Traps: Natural process, enhanced by humans.Current Affairs: Central...

Learn More →
Gross National Product

Definition: The total market value of final goods and services produced by a country’s residents,...

Learn More →
Gross Value Added

Definition: The value of output minus intermediate consumption, representing contribution of factors of production. Key Pointers: •...

Learn More →
GSAT-7R

A next-generation military communication satellite developed by ISRO, intended to replace the aging GSAT-7A. Also referred...

Learn More →
GST Compensation Cess

Definition: A cess levied on luxury and demerit goods to compensate states for GST revenue...

Learn More →
Guerrilla Warfare

Definition: Irregular warfare using hit-and-run tactics.Prelims facts: Used by tribal and revolutionary leaders like Alluri...

Learn More →
Gulamgiri

Book by Jyotiba Phule exposing caste oppression.UPSC Pointers: Influenced Dalit discourse.

Learn More →
Gupt Godavari

Definition: Sacred caves in Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh.Prelims Pointers: Karst cave system.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2020Current Affairs:...

Learn More →
Gutenberg Discontinuity

Definition: Boundary between mantle and outer core.• UPSC Pointers: Located at ~2900 km depth; S-waves...

Learn More →
Gypsum

Definition: Calcium sulfate mineral.Key Facts: Used in cement & fertilizer.

Learn More →
H
H.C. Mukherjee

Vice-President of Constituent Assembly.Represented Christian community.Later Vice-President of India.Advocated minority rights.

Learn More →
H.V.R. Iyengar

Member of Constituent Assembly.Later RBI Governor.Administrative expert.Involved in financial discussions.

Learn More →
Hanging Valley

Definition: Tributary valley left above main valley floor.Prelims Pointers: Glacial erosion indicator.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2013Current...

Learn More →
Hanging Valleys

Definition: Tributary valleys left above main glacial valley.Prelims Pointers: Glacial erosion feature.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2013Current...

Learn More →
Harrod-Domar Model

Definition: An economic growth model that links growth to savings rate and capital-output ratio. It...

Learn More →
Hasdeo Arand

Definition: Dense forest region in Chhattisgarh.Key Facts: Rich biodiversity; coal mining debate.Prelims Trap: Conservation vs...

Learn More →
Hayli Gubbi

Definition: Meteorite impact crater in Karnataka, India. Prelims Pointers: Small impact structure; Geological significance; UPSC map-based...

Learn More →
Headline Inflation

Definition: Headline inflation measures the total inflation within an economy, including all commodities such as...

Learn More →
Henry Vivian Derozio

Leader of Young Bengal movement.UPSC: Hindu College.

Learn More →
Hindu College

Institution fostering modern education.UPSC: Later Presidency College.

Learn More →
Hindu Rate of Growth

Definition: A term describing India’s low growth rate (~3.5%) before economic reforms.Key Points for Prelims:•...

Learn More →
Hindustan Republican Association

Definition: Revolutionary organization.Founded: 1924Prelims facts: Linked to Kakori robbery (1925).

Learn More →
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association

Definition: Socialist reorganization of HRA.Year: 1928Prelims facts: Leaders included Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad.

Learn More →
Homo sapiens

- The species of anatomically modern humans that evolved in Africa around 300,000 years ago.-...

Learn More →
HOPS 315

Definition: Hyperspectral imaging satellite sensor.Key Facts: Used in mineral exploration.

Learn More →
HOPS315

Definition: Hyperspectral Optical Payload (HOPS-315) is an advanced sensor used for mineral and vegetation mapping.Key...

Learn More →
Horns

Definition: Sharp pyramidal peaks formed by glacial erosion.Prelims Pointers: Example: Matterhorn.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2017Current Affairs:...

Learn More →
Horst

Definition: Uplifted block between faults.Prelims Pointers: Example—Black Forest (Germany).PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2016Current Affairs: Rift valley...

Learn More →
Hul

Definition: Santhal rebellion against British rule and zamindari oppression.Time period: 1855–56.Leaders: Sidhu and Kanhu.PYQ Tag:...

Learn More →
Human Capital

Definition: Human capital refers to the stock of skills, knowledge, health, and abilities embodied in...

Learn More →
Hunter Commission

Definition: Inquiry commission on Punjab disturbances.Year: 1919Prelims facts: Investigated Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

Learn More →
Hybrid Annuity Model

Definition: A PPP model combining EPC and BOT, where government shares construction cost and traffic...

Learn More →
Hydroxymethanesulphonate

Definition: Cloud-formed compound from SO₂ and formaldehyde.UPSC Traps: Acts as temporary sulfur reservoir, not direct...

Learn More →
Hygroscopic Nuclei

Definition: Particles aiding condensation.PYQ: 2018

Learn More →
Hypocenter

Definition: The actual point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates.• UPSC Pointers: Also called...

Learn More →
I
Ilbert Bill Controversy

1883 controversy over allowing Indian judges to try European offenders.UPSC Pointers: Exposed racial arrogance of...

Learn More →
INA Trials

Definition: Trial of Indian National Army officers.Year: 1945Prelims facts: Conducted at Red Fort; aroused massive...

Learn More →
Inam Commission

Commission set up to investigate rent-free land grants.UPSC Traps: Associated with annexations under Dalhousie.

Learn More →
Inclusive Growth

Definition: Growth strategy ensuring benefits reach all sections of society.Key Points for Prelims:• Theme of...

Learn More →
Incremental Capital Output Ratio

Definition: Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR) measures the additional capital required to produce an additional...

Learn More →
Indian Association of Calcutta

Founded in 1876 by Surendranath Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose.UPSC Pointers: Forerunner of INC; aimed...

Learn More →
Indian National Army

Definition: Armed force to liberate India.Prelims facts: Led by Subhas Chandra Bose; slogan 'Delhi Chalo'.

Learn More →
Indian Space Research Organisation

Definition: ISRO is India’s national space agency, established in 1969.Key Contributions: PSLV, Gaganyaan, Chandrayaan missions.UPSC...

Learn More →
Indicative Planning

Definition: A form of planning where the state sets broad targets and acts as a...

Learn More →
Inflation Premium

Definition: Inflation premium is the extra return demanded by investors to compensate for the erosion...

Learn More →
Inflation Tax

Definition: Inflation tax refers to the loss of purchasing power faced by people holding cash...

Learn More →
Input Tax Credit

Definition: A GST provision allowing businesses to claim credit for tax paid on inputs used...

Learn More →
Inselberg

Definition: Isolated residual hill in plains.Prelims Pointers: Common in arid regions.PYQ: UPSC Prelims 2015Current Affairs:...

Learn More →
Integrated Farming System

Definition: Integrated Farming System (IFS) combines crop farming with allied activities like livestock, fisheries, and...

Learn More →
Interim Government

Temporary government formed in 1946 before independence.Headed by Jawaharlal Nehru.Functioned under British framework.Included Indian leaders.

Learn More →
International Civil Aviation Organization

A specialized UN agency established in 1944 that facilitates global cooperation in civil aviation. India was...

Learn More →
International Solar Alliance

Definition: A treaty-based intergovernmental organization promoting solar energy. Prelims Traps: Headquarters in Gurugram. India and France...

Learn More →
Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe

Definition: NASA mission to study heliosphere boundary.Launch: 2025 (planned).UPSC Angle: Solar system–interstellar interaction.

Learn More →
Inverted Duty Structure

Definition: A situation where tax rate on inputs is higher than tax rate on finished...

Learn More →
InvITs

Definition: Infrastructure Investment Trusts are pooled investment vehicles for infrastructure assets.Key Prelims Traps:Regulated by SEBI.Used...

Learn More →
IRNSS

Definition: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System.UPSC Traps: Official name of NavIC.Current Affairs: Integration with smartphones.

Learn More →
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

(1820–1891) - A prominent Indian social reformer, educator, and intellectual of the Bengal Renaissance. Prelims Pointers: ...

Learn More →
Isostasy

Definition: Equilibrium between Earth’s crust and mantle.Prelims Pointers: Explains mountain roots; Airy & Pratt models.PYQ:...

Learn More →
Isotherms

Definition: Lines joining points of equal temperature on a map.UPSC Trap: Used in climatology, not...

Learn More →
ITCZ

Definition: Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone where trade winds meet.Key Facts: Migrates seasonally, causes monsoon.PYQ: 2017, 2020

Learn More →
Izaredari

Revenue farming system where right to collect revenue was auctioned.UPSC Traps: Led to exploitation; later...

Learn More →
J
J.B. Kripalani

Definition: Gandhian leader and Congress president.Prelims facts: INC President during Quit India Movement (1942).

Learn More →
Jallianwala Bagh

Definition: Site of massacre by British troops.Year: 1919Prelims facts: Ordered by General Dyer; Amritsar.

Learn More →
James Webb Space

Definition: Infrared space telescope for deep space study.UPSC Traps: Operates mainly in infrared, not visible.Current...

Learn More →
Jarosite

Definition: Sulfate mineral of potassium and iron.Key Facts: Indicator of acidic conditions.PYQ Year: 2021 (Mars...

Learn More →
Jawaharlal Nehru

Definition: Congress leader and nationalist statesman.Prelims facts: INC President (1929 Lahore); declared Purna Swaraj; first...

Learn More →
JAXA

Definition: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.PYQ: 2020

Learn More →
Jet Stream

Definition: Narrow belt of high-speed winds in upper troposphere.PYQ: 2017, 2020

Learn More →
Jobless Growth

Definition: Economic growth without proportional employment generation.Key Pointers:• Common in capital-intensive growth phases.• Productivity growth...

Learn More →
Jog Falls

Definition: Major plunge waterfall on the Sharavathi River in Karnataka.Prelims Pointers: Second highest plunge waterfall...

Learn More →
Jovian Planets

Definition: Outer gas giant planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.• UPSC Pointers: Low density; thick atmospheres; many...

Learn More →
Jugantar

Definition: Revolutionary organization in Bengal.Founded: 1906Prelims facts: Linked with Anushilan Samiti; involved in armed resistance.

Learn More →
Juno Mission

Definition: NASA mission to study Jupiter.UPSC Traps: Polar orbit around Jupiter.Current Affairs: Extended mission approved.

Learn More →
Jupiter

Definition: Largest planet in solar system.UPSC Traps: Gas giant with no solid surface.Current Affairs: Juno...

Learn More →
Justice Party

Non-Brahmin political party formed in Madras Presidency.UPSC Pointers: 1916; precursor to Dravidian movement.

Learn More →
Jyotiba Phule

Anti-caste reformer; founder of Satyashodhak Samaj.UPSC: Maharashtra; women education.

Learn More →
Load More